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AMMUNITION
SELECTION

Priorities in the Selection of Defensive Handgun Ammunition

1. Reliability

If you are faced with an immediate, unavoidable threat to your continued physical well being and your response is to fire, it is imperative that your ammunition launch its bullet downrange now!
Handgun (and rifle) ammunition is first divided into two major categories, rimfire and centerfire:
- Rimfire ammunition, such as the .22 Long Rifle cartridge, has the priming compound distributed centrifugally into the hollow rim of the case. Assuming that (a) the priming compound is uniformly distributed around the inside of the rim, (b) it is not crumbled and dislodged from the rim if the cartridge rattles around in a bulk container and (c) the firing pin strikes with sufficient energy, when the firing pin drives a small section of the rear of the rim into the front of the rim, enough heat is generated to detonate the priming compound, igniting the powder charge.
  - In addition to being lower in power than most centerfire rounds, rimfire rounds are prone to less reliable ignition. A common error among gun-owning men is to purchase a .22-caliber (rimfire) revolver for women in their lives, on the assumption that they will be more comfortable shooting such a low-power round, with little felt recoil. What they often fail to realize is that such revolvers usually come with stiffer ("heavier") hammer springs than their centerfire equivalents, to produce more reliable ignition, making the trigger harder to operate in the normally weaker female hand.
  - Autoloading rimfire pistols are notoriously "fussy" about ammo, often cycling reliably with only one or two offerings. One cause of this "fussiness" may be the slight variations in shape and even size among bullets used in the different loads. Thus, in addition to low power, they may be rendered even less reliable than a .22-caliber revolver if the supply of the load with which they best function is interrupted.
  - For all of the above reasons, handguns chambered for rimfire cartridges are not among my first choices for defensive use.
- Centerfire ammunition, such as the .38 Special revolver cartridge and the 9x19mm (9mm Luger or Parabellum) pistol cartridge, use a centrally located primer, which is pressed into a "pocket" at the rear of the cartridge case. Assuming that the firing pin or striker is driven into the center of the primer cup with sufficient force to drive a portion onto an internal anvil, generating the heat to detonate the priming compound, this ignition system is generally more reliable and consistent than the rimfire priming system.
  - Failures of centerfire primers are generally the result of the primer not being pressed fully into its pocket - most easily detected by touch - or being pressed in sideways or upside-down. The latter defects, unlike defects in rimfire priming, are easily detectable by visual inspection of the cartridge.
  - The remainder of this discussion assumes that the user has selected a handgun chambered for a centerfire cartridge although some of the material may still apply to rimfire cartridges.
If you have chosen to use an autoloading pistol, it is not only crucial that the bullet be launched reliably, but also that the action of the gun be cycled in response to each shot or you may not be able to take a subsequent shot. This makes the autoloader more demanding of an acceptable range of power, cartridge length and bullet shape.
Even the best factory can make mistakes. Inspect every round that you load into your guns and their loading devices. Some users go so far as to weigh each cartridge, in the assumption that a variation of more than one grain (64.8 mg) in weight may indicate a significant variation in the powder charge. If you are concerned with the velocity of the bullet, chronograph some samples from each lot that you use (in the gun that you use) to ensure that they are up to your expectations.

2. Ability to control

While the ergonomics of the handgun may be the most crucial mechanical component of hitting with the first shot, the degree to which you recover from the recoil will at least affect the timing of any follow-up shots.
To the extent that you are troubled by the recoil of the combination of your ammunition in your handgun, you risk jerking your shot by anticipating it. An unpleasant combination is not conducive to productive training.
Remember that even within the same caliber, differences in bullet weight and powder charge (velocity) can affect recoil and your perception of it.

3. Terminal Performance

Terminal performance is what happens when the bullet reaches its target. Directly or indirectly, it is probably the most debated topic in the world of defensive handguns.
Terminal performance is of concern for three reasons:
1. The bullet must create damage to your assailant in order to incapacitate him.
2. The bullet must penetrate far enough to do that damage.
  - With low-power rounds, such as those traditionally used in "pocket pistols," this penetration may require the use of a non-expanding (solid) bullet. With the apparent exception of Federal's Hydra-Shok Deep .380 load, the 9x17mm (.380 ACP or 9mm Kurz) and 9x18mm (9mm Makarov) rounds are right at the border of the penetration versus expansion dichotomy. In solid-bullet .380 ACP loads, Winchester's 95 gr. offering is probably the best due to its flat tip, which would be expected to create more shock than a similar bullet with a round nose.
  - On the flip side, there are scattered reports that some of the newer, larger .380 pistols, adapted from platforms designed for the more powerful 9x19mm cartridge, such as SIG's P365-380,may require the higher energy of a quality hollowpoint load to cycle reliably. In any case, with a modern autoloading pistol, it's advisable to confirm 100% cycle reliability with at least 100 rounds of the load that you contemplate carrying - and some pistol manufacturers caution that their guns require a 200-round break-in period before that.
3. The bullet should spend its energy and remain within its intended target to minimize any risk to other innocents who may be present. This will generally require some degree of deformation, such as mushrooming (expansion) or fragmentation.
  - As noted above, with lower-power rounds, expansion may be sacrificed in favor of penetration. Expansion usually becomes an issue at the .38 Special power level. Only a few rounds will show expansion out of two-inch barrels, particularly at the lower velocities associated with standard pressure loads. The greater velocities associated with +P loads (explained below) and/or longer barrels increase the likelihood of expansion in this caliber.
Since the early 70's, most knowledgeable people have relied on hollowpoint bullets to maximize terminal performance from handguns, at least starting at the power level of .38 Special from at least a 3" barrel. In a few jurisdictions there are restrictions on the use of hollowpoints. Federal initially produced a line of ammunition for the autoloading-pistol calibers marketed primarily to law enforcement as expanding full-metal-jacket (EFMJ). After building a less than steller reputation for failng to produce the penetration that the FBI recommends for police duty ammo, Federal has reintroduced this concept as their Guard DogHornady offers a similar concept except that the polymer inserts are left exposed. These include the Critical DutyA and Critical Defense lines. The former are only offered in the major pistol calibers while the latter also include several offerings in the more common revolver calibers. At least in gelatin testing, these polymer inserts appear to prevent building material and clothing from interfering with expansion by plugging what would otherwise be an empty cavity. Speer offers essentially the same concept in their Gold Dot G2 line but offerings are limited to the most commonly used police pistol calibers.
A somewhat similar concept is offered by CorBon/Glaser under the name of Pow'RBall. Those who favor it like the fact that the ball embedded in the hollow cavity functions like the polymer inserts described above. It also gives reliable feeding in autoloading pistols that may balk with hollowpoint bullets. Unlike Federal's limited Guard Dog line, Pow'R Ball is offered in several other autoloading-pistol calibers and in two revolver calibers, +P .38 Special and .357 Magnum.
Some people are willing to risk - or may actually prefer - the deeper penetration of CorBon's DPX loads, whose all-copper hollowpoint bullets - at least in gelatin testing - expand even after traversing a few layers of heavy clothing. Some reports suggest that the DPX bullets do not get significantly diverted from their point of aim even if fired through auto glass at oblique angles. Copper being less dense than lead, DPX bullets are usually near the lower end of conventional weight for caliber.
Liberty Ammunition takes a different approach with the use of all-copper bullets for handguns. Their Civil Defense loads use bullets that are much lighter in weight than conventional for caliber, to attain much higher velocities. The major weight reduction seems to be accomplished by the use of a huge cavity. They are touted as capable of penetrating barriers yet fragmenting in flesh.
There are also a few rounds that use pre-fragmented or partially pre-fragmented bullets. Most of these are also lighter than the customary bullets for their calibers. Most of these rounds are also more costly than conventional ammunition. They may have special applications in environments where there is an abnormally high risk of ricochet or overpenetration. The flip side is that they may not always give enough penetration to do their job.
Hollowpoints within the usual weight range for caliber will generally be the best choice for all-around self-defense. The biggest issue among the various offerings is usually the depth to which they can be expected to penetrate. Those who consider themselves most likely to fire straight-on into the chest of an assailant may feel more comfortable with less penetration than those who envision firing into the pelvis or needing to shoot from an angle that could lengthen the path to vital organs.
My own philosophy regarding hollowpoints or similar bullets intended to deform in flesh is that the primary role of deformation is to limit penetration, reducing risk to bystanders from bullets that might otherwise go all the way through their intended targets. If the bullet expands in caliber as it deforms - creating a wider wound track - that is gravy on the biscuit.

A SPECIAL CASE IN .38 SPECIAL
Particularly with the popularity of lightweight or ultralight, small-frame revolvers, excessive recoil may be a problem. This may even be an issue for users of small, steel-frame revolvers, more so if they are fitted with small grips for more discreet carry. Target loads using wadcutter - cylindrical - bullets are loaded to relatively low velociy and generate minimal recoil. While these bullets do not expand - also an issue with many hollopwpoint bullets at the low velocities generated from 2" barrels - their relatively sharp edges make them punch a full-caliber wound channel through soft tisuue. This tends to make them more effective than a round-nose bullet, including a hollowpoint bullet that fails to expand. The caveat is that, depending on what bone they may strike and at what angle, the relatively soft wadcutter bullets may not punch as neat a hole through tissue as they do in paper if they deform at the leading edge. Bone fragments, however, may also keep some hollowpoints from expanding as intended. The 148 gr. offerings from the American "Big Three" ammunition makers - Federal, Remington and Winchester - as well as from Brazil's Magtech typically attain a velocity of between 650 and 700 feet per second (fps) from a 2" barrel. Based on testing in synthetic gelatin - which may allow slightly deeper penetration than the original calibrated 10% ballistic gelatin - these loads seem to meet or closely approach the FBI standards for penetration in all protocols except sheet-metal barrier. This should deep enough to reach vital organs, with little danger from overpenetration. Turning to some smaller American ammunition makers: Georgia Arms offers an "Ultimate Defense snub nose" load rated at a full 750 fps from a 2" barrel, albeit in the price range of some "premium" hollowpoint ammunition. Doubletap Ammunition offers a more reasonably priced 148 gr. wadcutter load rated at 740 fps from a 2" barrel using a "hardcast" bullet intended to resist deformation should it strike bone. For larger-frame revolvers with short barrels - in which recoil may not be as much of an issue - Buffalo Bore offers a hotter 150 gr. hardcast wadcutter load (~870 fps from a 2" barrel) that may be of interest to those more concerned with penetration - perhaps in four-legged predators - than with recoil. These cylindrical bullets are usually loaded flush with the mouth of the case and may not allow the fastest reloads. If this is a concern to you, you may choose to charge your speedloaders or speed strips with a standard-pressure hollowpoint, such as Hornady's Critical Defense load, which will not create that much more recoil, should you need to keep shooting after reloading. Particularly if you're willing to carry such an alternate load in speed strips or a pouch, here's a trick that may help you also use wadcutters in a speedloader: Charge your loader with one round of the load with the conventionally shaped bullet and wadcutters for the rest. Orient the loader in its carrier so, that when you draw it, the round with the projecting bullet will align readily with the empty chamber around 11:00 on the cylinder, with the action open. Once that round starts into that chamber, it should take no more than a slight wiggle for the wadcutters to find their alignments. With the longer, alternate round in that chamber, it should end up under the hammer when the cylinder is swung closed. That means that it won't be fired until the last round of that cylinder, if the fight runs that long.

A SPECIAL CASE IN .38 SPECIAL

Particularly with the popularity of lightweight or ultralight, small-frame revolvers, excessive recoil may be a problem. This may even be an issue for users of small, steel-frame revolvers, more so if they are fitted with small grips for more discreet carry. Target loads using wadcutter - cylindrical - bullets are loaded to relatively low velociy and generate minimal recoil.
While these bullets do not expand - also an issue with many hollopwpoint bullets at the low velocities generated from 2" barrels - their relatively sharp edges make them punch a full-caliber wound channel through soft tisuue. This tends to make them more effective than a round-nose bullet, including a hollowpoint bullet that fails to expand. The caveat is that, depending on what bone they may strike and at what angle, the relatively soft wadcutter bullets may not punch as neat a hole through tissue as they do in paper if they deform at the leading edge. Bone fragments, however, may also keep some hollowpoints from expanding as intended.
The 148 gr. offerings from the American "Big Three" ammunition makers - Federal, Remington and Winchester - as well as from Brazil's Magtech typically attain a velocity of between 650 and 700 feet per second (fps) from a 2" barrel. Based on testing in synthetic gelatin - which may allow slightly deeper penetration than the original calibrated 10% ballistic gelatin - these loads seem to meet or closely approach the FBI standards for penetration in all protocols except sheet-metal barrier. This should deep enough to reach vital organs, with little danger from overpenetration.
Turning to some smaller American ammunition makers:
- Georgia Arms offers an "Ultimate Defense snub nose" load rated at a full 750 fps from a 2" barrel, albeit in the price range of some "premium" hollowpoint ammunition.
- Doubletap Ammunition offers a more reasonably priced 148 gr. wadcutter load rated at 740 fps from a 2" barrel using a "hardcast" bullet intended to resist deformation should it strike bone.
- For larger-frame revolvers with short barrels - in which recoil may not be as much of an issue - Buffalo Bore offers a hotter 150 gr. hardcast wadcutter load (~870 fps from a 2" barrel) that may be of interest to those more concerned with penetration - perhaps in four-legged predators - than with recoil.
These cylindrical bullets are usually loaded flush with the mouth of the case and may not allow the fastest reloads. If this is a concern to you, you may choose to charge your speedloaders or speed strips with a standard-pressure hollowpoint, such as Hornady's Critical Defense load, which will not create that much more recoil, should you need to keep shooting after reloading. Particularly if you're willing to carry such an alternate load in speed strips or a pouch, here's a trick that may help you also use wadcutters in a speedloader:
- Charge your loader with one round of the load with the conventionally shaped bullet and wadcutters for the rest. Orient the loader in its carrier so, that when you draw it, the round with the projecting bullet will align readily with the empty chamber around 11:00 on the cylinder, with the action open. Once that round starts into that chamber, it should take no more than a slight wiggle for the wadcutters to find their alignments.
- With the longer, alternate round in that chamber, it should end up under the hammer when the cylinder is swung closed. That means that it won't be fired until the last round of that cylinder, if the fight runs that long.

In the latter 20th century, Evan Marshall compiled what may still be the world's largest collection of reports of actual shootings with a view to rating the effectiveness of the various calibers and loadings within each caliber. These results - along with some related articles - were published in a series of three books - now out of print - on "stopping power." Of note, Marshall has made the point that the three most important components of stopping power are bullet placement, bullet placement and bullet placement. To that, I would add, on the X axis, the Y axis and the Z axis. In other words, bullet placement is not necessarily where the bullet makes a hole on a flat paper or cardboard target but how far it reaches into or through what internal organs.

A WARNING ABOUT GELATIN TESTING
For a few decades, ammunition manufacturers have seemingly been designing more effective bullets for defensive purposes by using a set of FBI protocols to test bullet performance in calibrated 10% ballistic gelatin. Many of those bullets have been designed to meet all the FBI standards for use in law-enforcement scenarios, including penetration of intermediate barriers. Others have been designed for less penetration, in the belief that such performance may be more suitable for the scenarios likely to be encountered by private citizens. There is room to debate how accurately bullet performance in homogeneous gelatin correlates with bullet performance in heterogeneous humans but the use of these newer bullets in law enforcement - where we are more likely to see reports of repeated shootings with the same loads - has not suggested that the FBI standards are far off. The original ballistic gelatin is messy, must be used within a specified temperature range and must be calibrated for penetration with an airgun pellet fired within a specified velocity range. More recently, a synthetic gelatin, that is easier to use, has been marketed with the claim that it is equivalent to the original, animal-origin gelatin. This has prompted a plethora of online postings of "backyard" ballistic testing, by YouTubers and at least two online ammunition vendors. One major manufacturer of ammunition conducted a comparison test of the two gelatins. At least with hollowpoints, they are not equivalent. The synthetic gelatin produced less expansion with the resultant greater penetration, Worse, there does not appear to be a consistent conversion factor to translate the penetration measurements in the synthetic gelatin to what the same loads would produce in the original gelatin. If such testing is important in your selection of defensive ammunition, caveat emptor.

A WARNING ABOUT GELATIN TESTING

For a few decades, ammunition manufacturers have seemingly been designing more effective bullets for defensive purposes by using a set of FBI protocols to test bullet performance in calibrated 10% ballistic gelatin. Many of those bullets have been designed to meet all the FBI standards for use in law-enforcement scenarios, including penetration of intermediate barriers. Others have been designed for less penetration, in the belief that such performance may be more suitable for the scenarios likely to be encountered by private citizens.
There is room to debate how accurately bullet performance in homogeneous gelatin correlates with bullet performance in heterogeneous humans but the use of these newer bullets in law enforcement - where we are more likely to see reports of repeated shootings with the same loads - has not suggested that the FBI standards are far off.
The original ballistic gelatin is messy, must be used within a specified temperature range and must be calibrated for penetration with an airgun pellet fired within a specified velocity range. More recently, a synthetic gelatin, that is easier to use, has been marketed with the claim that it is equivalent to the original, animal-origin gelatin. This has prompted a plethora of online postings of "backyard" ballistic testing, by YouTubers and at least two online ammunition vendors.
One major manufacturer of ammunition conducted a comparison test of the two gelatins. At least with hollowpoints, they are not equivalent. The synthetic gelatin produced less expansion with the resultant greater penetration, Worse, there does not appear to be a consistent conversion factor to translate the penetration measurements in the synthetic gelatin to what the same loads would produce in the original gelatin. If such testing is important in your selection of defensive ammunition, caveat emptor.

4. Secondary Considerations

Accuracy: Most gunfights are won by mental awareness, mental attitude and tactics, not by marksmanship. Unless you are expecting to engage at long ranges or anticipate hostage-rescue shots, pinpoint accuracy is probably not one of your first concerns. If you are selecting between two brands of a similar loading and one is noticeably more accurate, it may be reasonable to pick that brand.

Accuracy is typically thought of in terms of group size - the diameter of a circle in which a skilled shooter can place a series of shots at a specified distance.
A related concept is how close to the point of aim the shots will impact at a chosen distance. This is why some handguns are sold with adjustable sights - so that each shooter can regulate that point of impact - for his chosen load and the distance where he wants the bullets to impact closest to the point of aim.
Disparities between point of aim and point of impact are most commonly seen with fixed-sight revolvers and can often be resolved by selecting a load with a bullet of a different weight.
Such disparities usually become an issue around seven yards - the distance at which it becomes realistic for most users to use the sights in a fight - and beyond. If you can neither regulate your sights appropriately nor match a load to your gun's fixed sights, you should at least determine where to hold for the desired point of impact at the longest distance at which you feel comfortable using that gun under stress.

Muzzle Flash: Muzzle flash can disclose your position. If you're not behind cover, you probably need to move immediately anyway. If you are behind cover, you probably need to move soon anyway. Muzzle flash can also cause you one or more seconds of night blindness. Sensitivity to this may vary from user to user. Like accuracy, if it's a choice between two otherwise similar loads, this may help you make the choice. (This article provides a more detailed discussion of muzzle flash.)
Muzzle Blast: Muzzle blast may leave you with hearing impairment. If you're no longer alive it's a moot point. If your most likely scenarios are inside confined areas, such as inside a vehicle, it may be wiser to go with one of the better .38 Special loads instead of the louder .357 Magnum, as an example. A related issue with revolvers is the gas that exits the barrel-cylinder gap; firing from a protected-gun position will direct some of that gas against the shooter's body (see comment below). Bullet placement is still the most crucial component of what the bullet will do to your assailant.
Police Ammunition: If the police in your area use a trustworthy round in a caliber you like and you can purchase it legitimately, it may be a good choice as a hedge against having your choice of ammunition second-guessed in court by a hostile attorney.
Brand Names and Advertising: On the other hand, a brand name such as DRT - an acronym for "dead right there" in some quarters - could prove difficult to defend in court. Similarly, advertising claims such as, "most lethal ammunition available" may also not play well to a jury.
Nickel-Plated Cases: Most law-enforcement contracts these days specify that cartridge cases be nickel plated. The primary advantage of nickel-plating is resistance to corrosion. With very high-pressure rounds, the nickel plating actually helps strengthen the case. An additional factor, which is particularly important with revolvers, is that nickel has a higher lubricity ("slickness") than brass, meaning that nickel-plated cases can be ejected more reliably from a revolver cylinder, under less than ideal conditions, than unplated ones.

5. Miscellaneous Comments

Standards for most American ammunition are set by the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI). In some cases, manufacturers have enhanced the performance of older cartridges by increasing the pressure generated beyond the original limits set by SAAMI. In some cases, such as .38 Special, 9x19mm (9mm Parabellum or 9mm Luger) and .45 ACP, SAAMI has set a higher range of "+P" pressures, which will normally deliver higher velocities for bullets of the same weight. Such loads are only intended for use in modern handguns, in good condition. Occasionally, one may also encounter a "+P+" round, sometimes in a .38 Special case. These are loaded to pressures higher than any SAAMI specification, usually on special contract to law-enforcement agencies. The .38 Special +P+ loads were intended only for use in .357 Magnum revolvers. There are also +P+ law-enforcement loads in 9x19mm.
When a round is chambered in an autoloading pistol, the bullet experiences a significant impact as it encounters the feed ramp. Repeated impacts of this nature can cause problems. On the one hand, the bullet can be driven deeper into the case ("setback"). This can increase the chamber pressure and with some modern cartridges, such as .357 SIG, can do so beyond safe limits. On the other hand, such repeated impacts could loosen the crimp which holds the bullet at the neck of the cartridge case. This could conceivably result in lower chamber pressures and decreased velocity. Those people who must load and unload their autoloading pistol routinely are best served by rotating the newly ejected round to the bottom of the magazine. I would be suspicious of any round that has made more than three trips up the feed ramp and would use a precision measuring device (e.g., a vernier or dial caliper or a micrometer) to compare its overall length to that of a new cartridge of the same lot. Arguably, a thin line of nail polish at the junction of the bullet and the case should show cracking if the bullet has shifted. I would also check to ensure that the bullet cannot be moved or rotated within the case.
This photograph shows the effect of firing about two dozen rounds of standard-pressure .38 Special rounds from the protected-gun position. Note that the garment damaged by the gas venting from the barrel-cylinder gap of the revolver is made of perforated polyester and that it was melted, not ignited. No damage, other than soiling, was done to the cotton undershirt worn under the polyester garment on the day the training took place. Magnum loads, however, would have vented not only more but much hotter gases, with a great deal more concussion. Similar effects are likely if ported barrels can vent gases toward the bodies or faces of shooters or their companions.

6. An Extra Measure of Insurance

Ammunition manufacturers may vary their components from lot to lot, especially the powder used to produce the desired velocity within acceptable pressures. Because this may affect the "signature" produced by tattooing or stippling from unburned powder granules - something which may be used to help determine how far an assailant was when you fired - it is important that the firearms examiners use as close a load to yours as possible for such testing.
Author, instructor and legal consultant, Massad Ayoob, makes a very useful suggestion:

Whenever you load your gun(s) with defensive ammo, always keep at least five rounds
in the box as a sample from that lot in the event that you are forced to use it.

Note that this page is devoted to defensive ammunition for handguns.
Ammunition for defensive use in long guns is discussed on the Long Gun Selection page.

The Defensive Firearms Tripod

If you recall my priorities for the defensive use of firearms, the five priorities can be condensed into three categories: mind set, skills and equipment.
Equipment is the lowest on the list. When you choose it, don't settle for the training that comes in the box!

The Defensive Handgun Tripod

Don't forget that the ammunition is only one leg of a tripod which also includes the handgun and the holster (with its support).

Material is posted on this page for information and discussion only and
purports to be no more than the personal opinion of Stephen P. Wenger.

I make no effort to identify or track visitors to this site, by cookies or any other means. While I do not knowingly share return addresses from e-mail generated from this site, such as to make comments or ask questions, I cannot preclude monitoring by ISP's and government agencies. Similarly, I cannot resist seizure of my computer by lawful subpoena or warrant. If correspondence from you would reveal indictable, illegal activity on your part, I suggest that you reconsider such correspondence. I have no desire to abet such activity nor to become embroiled in your prosecution.

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Stephen P. Wenger
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AMMUNITIONSELECTION